Age Spots: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Age spots, also known as brown spots, liver spots, or solar lentigines, are a common sign of aging. These flat, oval areas of pigmentation typically appear on sun-exposed areas such as the face, hands, arms, shoulders, and feet. Most common in individuals over 40, age spots can range from freckle-sized to more than half an inch in length, with colors from light brown to black. When clustered together, they may appear even larger.

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Causes of Age Spots

Age spots are usually caused by prolonged exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) light. Other contributing factors include:

  • Use of tanning beds or lamps
  • Skin trauma or injury
  • Genetic predisposition

Individuals with lighter skin, a history of frequent sunburns, or consistent sun exposure are more prone to developing age spots.

Diagnosis of Age Spots

True age spots are harmless and generally do not require treatment. However, irregular spots may require a biopsy to rule out malignancy. Spots that should be evaluated by a physician include those that:

  • Have dark or unusual pigmentation
  • Display an unusual combination of colors
  • Increase rapidly in size
  • Are itchy, red, sensitive, or bleed

Treatment Options

While age spots are not medically dangerous, many seek cosmetic treatments to reduce their appearance. Common options include:

  • Liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy)
  • Bleaching creams
  • Microdermabrasion
  • Laser skin resurfacing
  • Chemical peels

Since treatment is considered cosmetic, insurance usually does not cover these procedures.

Prevention of Age Spots

Preventing age spots or minimizing their progression involves sun protection. Recommended measures include:

  • Avoiding prolonged sun exposure
  • Regularly applying broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) sunscreen
  • Wearing UV-protective clothing and broad-brimmed hats